Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. Forest plot for social media exposure and symptoms of mental health (i.e. Mental Health Impacts of Social Media Use During and After the COVID-19 J Clin Epidemiol. Prior studies have found mixed results regarding the relationship between social media use and college student mental health. Social media counteracted physical distance policies and played as an immediate source of (mis)information for users, but also anticipated the impact of the most uncertain times of this COVID-19 physical health crisis on well-being and mental health. To begin, the most obvious benefit that arises from the use of social media is the ability to stay connected with friends and family. Google Scholar. According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted between August 31 and September 7, 2020, about 53% of adults in the U.S. get their news from social media. Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. But despite the positive benefits of social media, evidence has shown that there can be harmful consequences of over-use. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267555. There has been a stream of news regarding the pandemic, creating a sense of urgency and anxiety. The authors declare no competing interests. After removing 19 duplicate publications, 327 studies were included for the title and full-text review (see Fig. The search strategy principles were as follows: (1) Social media or individual names of social media in the title, keyword and abstract results; (2) Terms referring to mental health with COVID-19 specified in the title (e.g. Objective: We examined social support and technology use and their relationships with mental and physical health outcomes through the COVID-19 pandemic among AAPIs. This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020R1C1C1003502), awarded to SJJ. We investigate the phenomenon of revenge bedtime procrastination. Methods: We enrolled 20 adolescents who were engaged in care . Relationships between physical activity, body image, BMI, depression and anxiety in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Visualization: YRL. The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Macaranas AR, ElTohamy A, Hyun S, Chae DH, Stevens C, Chen JA, Liu CH. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 2003;327(7414):55760. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Table 1 shows the result of the meta-analysis about the relationship between time spent on social media and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression) of the selected cross-sectional studies. Future studies should consider the impact of social media on college student mental health and concentrate on intervention initiatives to ensure the psychological well-being of college students during a global pandemic outbreak. Purpose of review: Coping with COVID-19: How Young People Use Digital Media to Manage Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Adjusting to the "New Normal": How were mental health and self-care The pooled results are in line with previous systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed before the pandemic. Additionally, according to a study that appears in the journal Globalization and Health, there is increasing evidence that endless news feeds reporting SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and COVID-19 death rates could influence the mental health of some individuals. Faden J, Levin J, Mistry R, Wang J. Delusional disorder, erotomanic type, exacerbated by social media use. Many old and new platforms became the primary means to stay current with accurate news and health information, connect to loved ones, participate in viral challenges, and stay on top of celebrity gossip. 2023 Jan 5;23(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14917-9. Feelings of anxiety, depression, increased irritability, and excessive worry are likely consequences of being exposed (or overexposed) to this information. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Our Special Feature delves into these issues. Exposure to hate speech on social media also is on the rise. 2022 Sep 19;6 (9):e38589. BMC Med Res Methodol. As expected, results from regression analyses indicated that a higher level of social media use was associated with worse mental health. The final studies after retrieval measured the amount of time spent on social media, which was either categorical or continuous variables (see Supplementary Material 1). A compulsive need to know. Repeated exposure to the news may affect the construct of external reality and may lead to a delusion-like experience, which has been linked to anxiety and social media overuse [24, 25]. Conclusions: 2020. Hsieh KY, Kao WT, Li DJ, Lu WC, Tsai KY, Chen WJ, Chou LS, Huang JJ, Hsu ST, Chou FH. As result of quality assessment analysis, pooled effect size of studies classified as high quality was presented in Table 1. Public Relat Rev. This begs the question, what is the relationship between social media use and college student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? PubMed 2014;111(24):878890. In this Special Feature, Medical News Today looks at what research says about social media use and the COVID-19 pandemic to reveal how it has affected mental health. The purpose of the study was to summarise the association between the time spent on social media platform during the COVID-19 quarantine and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression). The negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching, especially regarding mental health. Note, Path analysis examining the mediating role of negative affect and the interaction between, MeSH This excess blue light interferes with melatonin metabolism and can lead to poor sleep and irritability, which impacts our mental health. -, Bayer, J.B. , Triu, P. , & Ellison, N.B. Accessibility The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. J Health Soc Sci. Alongside the increased desire for metrics such as likes and comments in these challenging times, its likely that social media has exacerbated mental health challenges.. Additionally, discrimination and stigma related to COVID-19 on social media can make people fearful of being infected and exacerbate depression and anxiety [26]. Int J Soc Psychiatry. Lancet Psychiatry. [categorical] and How long (in hours) were you exposed to social media? doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591. The pooled effect size was presented in odds ratio. Many other benefits include being able to share ideas/information, sharing pictures/memories, increased opportunities to aid the community (charity . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted doi: 10.2196/38589. They completed measures of social media use, the COVID-19 stressor, negative affect, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, and anxiety as well as covariates. [It will also allow you] to create habits around those instead of creating habits around fear and judgment and comparison.. Open Forum Infect Dis. Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: a meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. BMJ. 2020/New Sunshine Charity Foundation/International, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Ahorsu, D.K. Writing original draft: YRL, YJJ, SHK, SJJ. We found that excessive or problematic social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic was correlated with worse mental health outcomes that could be mitigated by dialectical thinking, optimism, mindfulness, and cognitive reappraisal. Stress reactions due to pandemic-related information overload. 2). The positive effect of social media while COVID. 13% reported having started or increased substance use, changing the way notifications are triggered, introducing stronger regulation and monitoring of content designed to harm, implementing suggestions that users take a break, signposting to evidence-based resources and support on posts that may be triggering, ensuring clearer guidelines and more ability for users to easily control sensitive content. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Impact of public health crises on mental health. Research is beginning to uncover how specific social media experiences may influence youth mental health. Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decline in well-being for many adolescents. A sample of 512 (62.5% women; Mage = 22.12 years, SD = 2.47) Chinese college students participated in this study from 24 March to 1 April 2020 via online questionnaire. He suggests that having a digital sunset before retiring for the night can help ensure anxiety will not impact sleep. 2. However, the estimates of inter-study heterogeneity of these meta-analysis were relatively high (meta-analysis of 11 studies: I2=92.4%; meta-analysis of 23 studies: I2=62.00% for anxiety, I2=80.58% for depression) compared to the analysis, which implies relatively higher homogeneity of the study population and reliable results. Disclaimer. The fear of missing out. Healthcare. As a result of strong quarantine measures, private meetings, gatherings, and physical contact with intimate relatives have been reduced [1]. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 2004;10(2):358. In particular, Hispanic adults reported experiencing the highest level of psychosocial stress in relation to food shortages and insecure housing at the start of the pandemic. Data show that around 20% of children and adolescents worldwide live with a mental health condition. A controversial study helps explain the impact of pets on child development. Pandemic impact on mental health: A global overview, COVID-19 decision fatigue: Expert tips on how to cope, Alone, not lonely: How to make the most out of involuntary 'me time', 5 top tips for self-care in a pandemic-exhausted world. Even During the Pandemic, Social Media Didn't Help - Greater Good The kappa statistic (inter-rater agreement) was 33.3%, indicating fair agreement. PostedDecember 4, 2020 The possibility of a reverse causal relationship cannot be ruled out. Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: a meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies. The .gov means its official. Mental health in biological disasters: From SARS to COVID-19. All included studies were cross-sectional studies. J Affect Disord. 2020;17(23):9096. Sage Open. RoBANS has been validated with moderate reliability and good validity. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot analysis and Eggers test (Supplementary Material 41). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Viechtbauer W, Viechtbauer MW. Researchers know the connection between the mind and the gut can turn anxiety and depression into nausea . GOSHa graphical display of study heterogeneity. 2018;226:27481. The study aimed to present a comprehensive direction of relevance by analysing studies investigating the association between time spent on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depressive) among the public. It was measured based on the response to an item in the questionnaire: How often were you exposed to social media? Students are at risk? 2023 Jan 16;13(1):21582440221147022. doi: 10.1177/21582440221147022. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many countries worldwide into a nationwide lockdown. Here are a few that we have noted: 1. This includes tablets, phones, televisions, and computer monitors. Sometimes we end up alone without wanting to be. The study was rated as high quality only if the evaluation of both raters was congruent. 2020 Nov 13;29:e181. Regarding eligibility criteria, studies conducted after the declaration of the pandemic, studies that measured mental health symptoms with validated tools, and studies that presented quantitative results were eligible. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal There is no convincing evidence that depression is caused by serotonin abnormalities. doi: 10.1177/1359105320951620. The study recruited 101 participants, and found relationships between social media use, levels of loneliness, and other mental health issues, such as anxiety. J Educ Health Promot. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 - PLOS Young people's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic Disclaimer. Surveys show a major increase in the number of U.S. adults who report symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia during the pandemic, compared with surveys before . An official website of the United States government. What Role has Social Media Played in COVID-19? - News-Medical.net Social Media Use, Fake News and Mental Health during the Uncertain Studies were screened from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. A research report published in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that there is an association between pandemic threats and extensive anxiety and concern among the public. Careers. FOIA J Health Psychol. A sample of 351 adults (women/men 4:1) aged 18 to 60 participated in an online survey administered during the first two waves (15 March-25 April and 10 October-25 November 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine. Every article was independently evaluated by two researchers (YJJ and YRL) in first hand, and a third researcher (SJJ) mediated the final selection in case of differences in opinion. Reports of death, illness, grief, unemployment, loss of businesses, food insecurity, evictions, and homelessness are constant reminders of the pandemic-related devastation that currently grips our nation. eCollection 2023. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. New research suggests there may be an association. Project administration: SJJ. Int JMent Health Addict. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. The extracted information is as follows: country of study, participant group sampled, age group of sample, date of data collection, mental health measures, effect size information, social media use time, and whether the adjustment was made for each analysis (see Supplementary Material 1). During the COVID-19 pandemic, you may experience stress, anxiety, fear, sadness and loneliness. There are many aspects where this can be achieved. Validation of the Chinese version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale among Chinese college students. (2020). Unverified information and opinions can be easily disseminated on social media platform and perceived as facts without verification. Anxiety and depression measured by using screening tools with cut-offs presented results in odds ratios (see Supplementary Material 1). By using this website, you agree to our California Privacy Statement, There's no shortage of evidence that social media can worsen depression and anxiety. She asserts that the COVID-19 pandemic, when social media use skyrocketed, caused a mental health crisis. The overall estimate of the four cross-sectional studies (Pearsons r) was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.100.27) with high inter-study heterogeneity (I2=73.04%). Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. The outcomes of included studies were anxiety, and depression. But has the use of social media during the pandemic negatively impacted mental health and well-being? Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea, Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea, Ye Jin Jeon,Sunghyuk Kang&Sun Jae Jung, Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Paediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, You can also search for this author in 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009. Here are some important social media usage tips to optimize your mental wellness during this world health crisis: Marketa Wills, MD, MBA, and Carlin Barnes, MD, are board-certified psychiatrists and the authors of Understanding Mental Illness: A Comprehensive Guide to Mental Illness for Family and Friends. 2015. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf. Researchers from Poland have tested whether ink signals a strong immunesystem. Future interventions to improve mental health should consider elements of both disaster stressor and negative affect. Despite the tremendous worldwide efforts including the introduction of vaccines, developing therapeutics and social distancing, the coronavirus outbreak is not expected to dampen due to the continuous emergence of new viral strains and difficulty in effective quarantine interventions. J Behav Addict. After 18 months of pandemic, 118 participants remained in the study (mean age of 56.6 13.4 years, 66.7% were women). Kim SY, Park JE, Lee YJ, Seo H-J, Sheen S-S, Hahn S, et al. Both surveys included the PSS, GAD-7 . How has COVID-19 impacted human behavior, and are these changes set to outlast the pandemic? The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature. For example, one research review published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research looked at social media posts before March 2019 and found that Twitter contained the most health misinformation mostly about smoking products and drugs. 2020;27(3):taaa031. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37e38. The impact of COVID-19 on mental health cannot be made light of - WHO 2). Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: Doom-scrolling has negative emotional consequences, but kindness-scrolling does not Kathryn Buchanan, Lara B. Aknin, Shaaba Lotun, Gillian M. Sandstrom x Published: October 13, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257728 Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Peer Review 8600 Rockville Pike A single author first extracted the information and a second author checked for accuracy. 2020;25(1):7993. COVID-19 has limited in-person social interactions, but people are connecting online more than ever for example social media engagement increased 61 percent during the first wave of the pandemic. 2021;12:1199. BenZur, H. , Gil, S. , & Shamshins, Y. For example, on September 14, 2021, the social media platform TikTok announced new features for its users to help provide resources for suicide prevention. The current study qualitatively examined the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on adolescents with mental health concerns prior to the pandemic. In addition, excessive exposure to disaster on social media may trigger negative affect, which may in turn contribute to mental health problems. Online ahead of print. All statistical analyses and visualisations were performed with the meta, metaphor, and dmeter package of R version 3.6.3 (https://cran.r-project.org/), using a random-effect model [13,14,15]. Cookies policy. Why do we procrastinate on sleep when we know that it might affect our productivity? 2023 Feb 15;20(4):3392. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043392. -. More than 80% (95%CI:80.9%-83.1%) of participants reported frequently exposed to social media. All rights reserved. From conspiracy theories to false information about cures, there is an abundance of misinformation spread on social media platforms about the novel coronavirus. Social Media Use, Fake News and Mental Health during the Uncertain Liu BF, Kim S. How organizations framed the 2009 H1N1 pandemic via social and traditional media: implications for US health communicators. The Social Dilemma: Social Media and Your Mental Health Similarly, the increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.301.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2=67.16%). R news. Cooper LN, Radunsky AP, Hanna JJ, Most ZM, Perl TM, Lehmann CU, Medford RJ. Each item is measured as having a high risk of bias, low risk of bias, or uncertain. For example, based on participant selection, each researcher marked an article as having a high risk of bias if, for example, the patient definitions of depression were generated by self-reported data. 2020;71:13591053209516211. Springer Nature. Quality assessment was conducted by two independent researchers, a psychiatrist (SHK) and an epidemiologist (YRL), using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS), which can assess cross-sectional studies [20]. They found reasonable evidence that all. A social psychology concept that can be applied to the use of social media is the self-discrepancy theory. Mental health and academic experiences among U.S. college students However, the challenge is that [using] most of these will decrease addictiveness, engagement, and time spent. government site. The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being isn't simple. Passion, exercise, and meaningful relationships are a boon to brain health. For many, social media has become a lifeline to the outside world, especially as people look for ways to remain connected and entertained. However, during the Covid-19 pandemic, social media also helped with loneliness, as it acted as a medium for contact and kept students entertained during this isolating time. More than 80% (95%CI:80.9%-83.1%) of participants reported frequently exposed to social media. The results of the statistical approaches to identify the cause of heterogeneity (i.e. 1). Boasting about professional accomplishments has negative repercussions. Methods: Data were drawn from the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of AAPI Survey Study (COMPASS) for the time period of October 2020 to February 2021. Despite these limitations, this study exhibits a number of strengths; to the best of our knowledge, the study is the first meta-analysis to examine the relationship between use of social media and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, to validate the results by various verification methods such as trim-and-fill methods, influential analysis, and heterogeneity analysis. Social Media, Social Support, and Mental Health of Young Adults During The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of people across the globe. It impacted the areas of an individual's social self and the dynamic between various groups. During the COVID-19 pandemic, both social media use and rates of anxiety and depression among college students have increased significantly. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 28 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Or has it had the opposite effect? How COVID-19 Can Impact Mental Health If you get COVID-19, you may experience a number of symptoms related to brain and mental health, including: Cognitive and attention deficits (brain fog) Anxiety and depression Psychosis Seizures Suicidal behavior , & Pakpour, A.H. (2020). (2012). This study examines mental health among U.S college students during the subsequent 2020-2021 academic year by surveying students at the end of the fall 2020 and the spring 2021 semesters. 2023 Jan 26;14:1071938. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071938. Public isolated due to the early quarantine regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) increasingly used more social media platforms. He also explained that social media keeps people connected to friends and family, especially during social distancing with limited physical interactions. Epub 2023 Jan 13. Fear of COVID-19 may be compounded by coexisting depression and anxiety disorders [27]. However, in some people, anxiety can become overwhelming and cause harm. Before There are specific issues relevant to the pandemic and social media that can have a negative impact on our mental health. Contradictory claims regarding the effect of social media use on mental health needs to be resolved. The three cross-sectional studies (presented in ) were insignificant (=0.05, 95% CI: 0.320.15; a unit increment of each screening tool score per hour) with relatively high inter-study heterogeneity (I2=76.07%).
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